What are the origins of "information banks"?

Two interview articles were published in Nikkei X-Trend.

• What we need to protect is privacy, not data
• Why is an information bank called a "bank"?

The title is sensational but it's not my fault!

As a result of this, we have received a variety of comments. One that made us happy was from Professor Shishido of the University of Tokyo, who said, "This is a truly worthwhile read, the definitive edition."¹Opinions range from, "I don't understand what you're saying," to, "The 'information bank' we're talking about here doesn't have the ability to provide data portability, so maybe it's not the right choice."

First of all, what was the term "information bank" when it was first coined?

(The following information will be updated as it becomes available.)

As far as I can tell from my search, "information bank" isThe first example I can see is the JIPDEC Information Bank Study Group in 2011.2009 "Near Future Value Chain Study Group" (JIPDEC)²That's the first thing you see. Thank you, Naoyuki Ito, for pointing that out. Of course, it's related to Professor Shibasaki. Before that, there were only "information banks" in a different context.³⁴

Here, the goals of the Information Bank Task Force are as follows:

We propose the concept of an "information bank" that is an institution that can store and appropriately manage information, just as a bank stores and manages money, and we will discuss the establishment of an information bank. Specifically, we aim to utilize various sensors scattered throughout our living spaces (towns, cars, etc.) to accumulate and utilize the collected information to create new services.
Specific considerations:
　✔ Information gathering techniques and methods
　✔ Information gathering rules and required standards, etc.

(Source) JIPDEC "Near Future Value Chain Infrastructure Development Working Group Activity Report 2009" p.3

It is stated as follows.

After that, JIPDEC held an information bank study group in 2011, and I think that was the first time I heard about it at a JIPDEC advisory meeting.⁵In 2012, Professor Shibasaki also gave a talk at TEDx.⁶That is what you are doing.

Professor Shibasaki's specialty is spatial information science, so it seems that he initially approached the issue from that perspective.

• Although mobile phone companies should have kept the last known location information of users during the Great East Japan Earthquake, this information falls under the secrecy of communications and could not be used to search for missing relatives.
• Something needs to be done to solve the problem of having data but not being able to use it at all.
• To achieve this, people should be able to manage their own personal information and use it for their own benefit. "Information banks" are being trialed as a mechanism for this.
• An "information bank" is a system in which personal information is deposited in one's own account at an information bank so that it can be used for one's own benefit.
• On the other hand, in the event of a disaster, when rescuers want to know how many people are stranded and where they are, they can provide only the number of people via the information bank without leaking any privacy information.
• Like a bank that handles money, the information you entrust to us is securely protected, and that information can contribute to society in various ways.

He said something like that.⁷.

Furthermore, in 2013, the Information Bank Consortium was organized.⁸In response to this, in a closing panel of the JICS in 2014, I discussed information banks in a topic entitled "Are Information Banks and PDSs Like High-Performance Sports Cars for Utilizing Personal Data?"
⁹ I was the moderator, and I was with Professor Sunahara.Yoshihiro Sato was a panelist.

In the context of my surroundings before that, it was PDV (Personal Data Vault), PDS (Personal Data Store) or PDE (Personal Data Ecosystem). The latter two are concepts that emerged at IIW, I think. They emerged at the latest in 2010, and the slides of Identity Woman and Markus are posted on SlideShare.¹⁰.

On the one hand, PDV is a technology that was developed in 2009 as part of a paper entitled “Designing the Personal Data Stream: Enabling Participatory Privacy in Mobile Personal Sensing.”¹¹It is shown in.

IIW area ¹² A related concept that emerged in the IdCon Satellite on June 2013, 6 was Doc Searls' VRM. So when "information banks" first came out, I remember that the thing I was most concerned about was how they would interoperate with PDS and PDE. Well, neither PDS nor PDE defined a protocol, so it wasn't possible. Incidentally, it was at the IdCon Satellite on Wednesday, June 26, XNUMX that Thomas Hadjorno, the director of OpenPDS at MIT-KIT, pointed out that "Personal Data Store can't just be a store. It has to be a service." ¹³Looking back now, I notice that Wikipedia has also become a "Service."

I think the first person to promote the idea and protocol that could be used in this area was Eve Maler @ 2008, who was at Sun Microsystems at the time. It is now called UMA (User Managed Access).¹⁴Yes. I think its roots lie in the Liberty Alliance's ID-WSF. Thomas was one of the key people who worked with us to promote it. I remember being invited after a Liberty meeting held on the Sun Microsystem campus at the time and being told about the idea of ​​UMA, so it must have been around 2008.

UMA has a good idea, but it is not popular because it goes against the KISS principle. I support it morally and I review it (though often last minutes), but I keep leaving negative comments.¹⁵So I think Eve is thinking, "Well, come up with a counterproposal."

So, as for "data portability," it requires a machine-readable and standardized schema and a protocol for transferring it. Without that, it's just information disclosure. There's no doubt that UMA is close in terms of protocols. However, UMA does not provide a schema, so we have to create one. What exists now is Open Banking.¹⁶ and FHIR¹⁷I think it's about that much. So, the current certification standards are¹⁸So we are sticking to "disclosure". If we were to make data portability possible, it would be impossible to achieve it outside of finance and medical care, and these are out of scope in the "Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications/Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Guidelines ver.1". Certification standards that no one can obtain are meaningless.

In that sense, I think that there is a need to internationally standardize schemas as soon as possible. I hope that those who are interested in commercializing this will allocate a budget to this end.

1. Only available to Mr. Shishido's FB Friends: https://www.facebook.com/george.shishido.3/posts/2021258367956511
2. https://www.jipdec.or.jp/archives/publications/J0004286
3. As Mr. Ito pointed out, Sony has filed a patent for information banking.
   https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/web/PU/JPB_4524848/1FFAB0FB9AF1172BDE2504BD31A68728 This appears to be a model in which information banks hold data but do not provide it to service providers.
4. As Ito also pointed out, in 2009, MRI's Chief Researcher Nakata proposed a "personal information bank" in the context of electronic private mailboxes.https://www.mri.co.jp/NEWS/magazine/club/05/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2009/02/02/20081101_club03.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3QicfW4XdmXBZStypLRELsyP7obd6zncPHO9B5RIXLNQwUtyzHMg8k1J8
5. JIPDEC Business Report https://www.jipdec.or.jp/…/u71kba0000000…/h23_hokoku.pdf
6. 
   https://www.tedxtokyo.com/tedxtokyo_talk/information-bank/
7. ANAGURA Song "Technology for obtaining information from space" https://www.miraikan.jst.go.jp/sp/anagura/interview1.html
8. @IT "The era of creating value from personal information: Establishment of the "Information Bank Consortium" -- From the era of big data to the era of deep data"http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/ait/articles/1310/02/news133.html
9. https://www.sakimura.org/2014/01/2169/
10. https://www.slideshare.net/Kaliya/personal-data-store-project-4782433
11. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1356&context=esence
12. Part of it may be the Internet Identity World.
13. https://idcon.doorkeeper.jp/events/4153
14. https://kantarainitiative.org/confluence/display/uma/Home
15. The main point is that it's too complicated and there's no roadmap to move from simple to more complicated.
16. https://openbanking.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/DZ/overview
17. http://hl7.org/fhir/
18. https://www.tpdms.jp/